Supply Chain Management in Zara & H&M Dissertation

Gracefully Chain Management in Zara and H&M - Dissertation Example The examination Gracefully Chain Management in Zara and H&M focuses to research the diverse flexibly chain practices that are being practiced by the distinctive design retailers. Fast alludes to the time it takes to discharge an item in the market, and quality alludes to the item in general - its segments, or on the off chance that it is in accordance with current design pattern. One method of guaranteeing consumer loyalty is through the contribution of value merchandise and fast administrations. Along these lines, firms are forced to build their profitability, decrease operational consumptions, and lessen lead times. Clearly, undertaking asset arranging (ERP) framework is required with the goal that associations will get advertise an incentive at this urgent second. Gracefully chain systems succeed when the progression of data in associations isn't hindered by any undesirable difficulty. Individuals from the whole flexibly chain must be allowed to get to opportune data, and this data must stream to the course where every single part is arranged. The primary job of ERP in the setting of an association's SCM is for it to get outfitted with a coordinated data framework. Most organizations these days are encountering pressure, and the purpose behind these is the movements sought after. They are tested to devise better approaches for making items just as in finding different intends to address the changing client requests. The weight that is being experienced by these assembling organizations is made even unpredictable as they grow the extent of their tasks. both geologically and authoritatively (Gattiker, 2007). In association with the said situation, it is to be sure convenient to examine a business system that objectives to address the dynamic moves that are now happening in the assembling business. While numerous kinds of assembling associations are experiencing such complexities, design retailers can become one genuine case of a firm that has been continua lly encountering the said changes. Flexibly chain (SC) coordination picked up importance when associations began to advance. From that point on, more consideration is being given to the undertaking level administration of gracefully chains than the industrial facility level administration (Gunansekaran, et al., refered to in Akyuz and Erkan, 2010, p.5137). Since quick design has been turning into a pattern in style retailing organizations, the idea was picked to turn into the focal point of this examination. Another motivation behind why the idea was picked is a direct result of its connection with flexibly chain the board, for it has been viewed as a cutting edge implies applied by design organizations to improve their gracefully chain which additionally part of their venture asset arranging framework (ERP). Research Approach: Quantitative Research This examination is being based on a quantitative research approach, a methodology that is broadly utilized in testing the legitimacy o f existing speculations. With this sort of way to deal with inquire about, information assortment is viewed as extreme and consistent (Taylor, 2005, p.243). Quantitative research is valuable in inspecting contextual analyses that have been gotten from speculations and theory; one motivation behind why this way to deal with inquire about examination has been decided for the investigation. In quantitative research, hypotheses are created through tests hypothesis; in this way, requiring the legitimacy and unwavering quality of data before one can start

Business Laws Fiduciaries and Insider Trading

Question: Portray about the Business Laws for Fiduciaries and Insider Trading. Answer: Case: Marlena offered to offer her vehicle to John for $78,000. John said that he would, need to consider it, and would return to her. Following three days John called Marlena and said he has acknowledged her offer. Marlena educated John that, since she hadnt got notification from him, she had offered the vehicle to Kristen. Prompt John whether he is qualified for the vehicle or not? With respect to the previously mentioned case, it is basic to take note of that Marlena and John didn't enter any proper agreement. This is because of the way that Marlena basically offered to offer her vehicle to John and on the grounds that he was not in the prompt situation of tolerating her offer, he disclosed to Marlena that he expected to consider, her offer (Fisher, n.d.; p. 5). It is of the substance to take note of that anyway the case may appear to be obvious there may exist two contentions. Right off the bat, before the understanding was made, Marlena didn't uncover to John that she was in a rush to sell her vehicle. Without this significant revelation the understanding can be handily challenged by John; implying that the exclusion provision which is alluded to for the situation can not be depended upon by Marlena. Also, it is get the job done to say that Marlena and John entered a casual agreement which was not authoritative; this sort of agreement is known as willing pur chaser, willing vender, implying that Marlena was eager to sell John her vehicle but since John was not ready to purchase the vehicle at the specified time, Marlena had no real option except to offer the vehicle to an additionally willing purchaser who was Kristen (Carter, 1999; p. 1). Having this at the top of the priority list, it is significant for John to realize that he isn't qualified for the vehicle for various reasons, right off the bat, he was not at first qualified for the vehicle since he didn't explicitly concur that he was going to buy the vehicle, also, he was not ready to buy it at the specified time, and besides, they didn't have a conventional agreement be it verbal or composed. Case: The offended party took a suit to be dry-cleaned at 20 Minute Cleaners Pty Ltd. In the wake of giving over the garments and paying for the cleaning the offended party got a docket. On the opposite said of the docket was the accompanying articulation: we acknowledge no duty regarding merchandise harmed during the cleaning procedure. The respondent didn't take sensible consideration of the articles of clothing and, accordingly, they were harmed. Counsel the offended party concerning whether the dry-cleaner is obligated to remunerate the offended party for the harm caused. Note that all the ACL gives, in s 60, that there is an inferred term in all purchaser gets that administrations will be rendered with due consideration and ability. It is critical to take note of that in this example, the dry-cleaner is disputably not in contradiction of some random express term of the overall agreement. Then again, the said dry-cleaner contradicted an Implied expression at custom-based law or under the Competition and Consumer Act of 2010 (Cth) (Fisher, n.d.; p. 6). The dry-cleaner in this way penetrated his agreement term by essentially neglecting to take sane consideration when cleaning the garments. Also, the Australian Consumer Law supplies in Section 60that there is a slanted term in all client gets that suggests that administrations will be given due ability and care (Burnett, 2004; p.12). This accordingly implies there exists two potential contentions particularly for the perception that the exclusion statement which is alluded to for the situation can not be depended upon by the dry-more clean. This implies the cleaner as the litigant may not utilize the rejection condition with all due respect as it isn't a piece of th e first agreement. Besides, because of the verity that the said avoidance condition was not in truth brought to the offended parties mindfulness either previously, or the time the understanding was made (Parliamentary Education Office, 2015; p. n.p.). Moreover and generally unmistakable, despite the fact that this may appear to be very off-base, the Australian Consumer Law, under areas 23 - 28 will in general make void the avoidance condition in that the respondent being referred to isn't in a place of depending upon it (Barron, 2006; p.32). Case: The offended party, a Management Consultancy Firm, made a pressing agreement with a PC fixes organization, Paxes Pty Ltd, to fix the offended parties centralized server PC. Since the offended party firm couldn't work without the centralized server, the firm guaranteed that time was of the quintessence in the agreement expressing that Paxes must finish the fixes inside three working days. Because of disease of certain key staff individuals Paxes has not made the cutoff time. The offended party stands to lose $4,000 every day every day the centralized computer is down, and a rewarding government delicate in the event that it isn't up before the week's over. Prompt the offended party firm. Because of the way that the Management and Consultancy Firm before entering the agreement with Paxes Pty. Ltd. Made it very obvious to them that time was of the quintessence concerning the fix of their centralized server PC, Paxes was unmistakably in break of agreement with the offended party firm. This is on the grounds that they acknowledged the conditions of the understanding preceding whn it was officially made. It is along these lines essential to take note of that Paxes is legitimately answerable for the normally streaming misfortunes exuding from the break notwithstanding the misfortunes in the thought of both the gatherings at the hour of arrangement (Anon., 2015; p. n.p.). Having this as a primary concern, it is imperative for the offended party firm to know that despite the fact that the day by day loss of income normally streams because of the break of agreement, the conceivably lost government delicate won't normally stream because of the penetrate of agreement with the e xception of if Paxes at first made mindful of this pivotal data at the arrangement of the agreement (Andre, n.d.; p. 872). This makes it very hard for the offended party firm to hold up a conventional suit against Paxes, the contracting firm. It is hence of vital significance for the offended party firm to understand that in spite of the previously mentioned realities, they have an obligation to mitigate misfortune. This might be practiced by redistributing their creation and registering delicate if at this arrangement will decrease the misfortune which is eventually exuding from the break being referred to or the said misfortunes will be rendered irretrievable (Anderson, n.d.; p. 341). I accept this would be the vest guidance to give the offended party firm and this is the thing that it should consider. Doc.x Tutorial Questions: Name two highlights of the Australian lawful framework? Two highlights of the Australian lawful framework incorporate the Representative Democracy, where individuals will in general decision in favor of agent who sit in parliament as well as make laws for their sake and The Common Law framework which works as a legitimate framework, as a wellspring of law inside the lawful framework, and as a characterization inside the wellspring of law (Fisher, n.d.; p. 7). Depict the accompanying: Australian Constitution: The Australian Constitution, likewise alluded to as the birth endorsement of a country, is a record giving the fundamental principles to the Australian government (Burnett, 2004; p). This constitution ties everybody with the consideration of the Commonwealth Parliament and the parliament of each state Court System: The Australian Court System will in general be organized in a progressive way; this implies different courts are slanted to be increasingly legitimate or amazing when contrasted with others relying upon the gravity of a given offense, (Carter, 1999; p. 3). It is critical to take note of that there are two fundamental sorts of courts, viz, a viz, Federal courts which are set up under the Commonwealth laws and State courts which will in general be set up under State laws (Parliamentary Education Office, 2015; p. n.p.). Parliament: The Australian Parliament is liable for making laws, examining government exercises, and approving the Australian government to go through open cash. It likewise offers data on crafted by Parliament, the Senate and the House of Representatives, just as data for those meeting the Parliament House (Barron, 2006; p. 45). Resolutions: The Australian Statutes are composed laws which can deny certain demonstrations, direct certain demonstrations, make presentations or spread out administrative systems so as to help the general public (Anon., 2015; p. n.p.). Like any rule, Australian Statutes ordinarily start as proposed bills or those supported by a given administrator. Clarify why morals is useful for business? Morals is useful for business since it makes trust between the associations directing their particular organizations and the pertinent partners in this way guaranteeing the said associations maintain and keep up a decent notoriety while guaranteeing no mischief comes to pass for the purchasers. This guarantees more financial specialists are pulled in to the organizations which maintain great morals (Andre, n.d.; p. 873). Luke is a drug specialist. He has one client, Pete, who is especially troublesome. Pete as of late entered Lukes drug store and blamed Luke for harming him. Luke is very disturbed, albeit diminished that the store was vacant and nobody saw the scene. He wishes to utilize Pete for Defamation as the announcements are totally false. Prompt Luke. Despite the fact that Pete without a doubt blamed Luke for harming him, there was nobody in the store to demonstrate that Pete offered disparaging comments against Luke. It is significant for Luke to comprehend that maligning cases as a rule require verifiable confirmation all together for the case to be respected by the courtrooms (Anderson, n.d.; p. 343). Regardless, because of the verity that Pete has a notoriety of being troublesome it is prudent for Luke to introduce sound empowered CCTV cameras in order to get Pete in the demonstration of offering disparaging comments. Ken, A multi year-old creature sweetheart, went horse-riding for a day with certain companions at a neighborhood horse-riding park. On recruiting his pony Ken was advised by the proprietor not to endeavor to hop the animal over the fence. Incapable to oppose the enticement, Ken got the pony to bounce over a tall fence, prompting a physical issue to the pony. Exhort

Why College Is Important

Why College Is Important Why College Is Important Home›Education Posts›Why College Is Important Education PostsMany young people believe that college education is unnecessary and that they can achieve success even without it. They think that they already know everything. Youth believe that if they are talented, they can reach all they want in this life. If to be honest, such way of thinking is good but not all young people reach all their goals. Many of them cannot cope with all difficulties of adult life. For this very reason, it is important to hold a degree. This will help you to prepare for future ups and downs since they will definitely be in your way. Therefore, qualitycustomessays.com provides you with reasons why college is important:? Experience. It is first reason why you should go to college. Experience is very important to any person. It helps us understand this life, reasons why something happens in such a way. In college, students learn how to be strong and independent; they are taught how to solve problems by themselves. College experience really plays a huge role in person’s growth.? Skills. While in college, you achieve skills that you need for future workplace. You study disciplines that provide you with specific knowledge that in future will help you to perform your job. College helps students to get skills related to the industry they look to get into.? Friends. College is a great opportunity of finding new friends. Many new and interesting people are waiting to get acquainted with you. College friends are those people who can help you in future.? Jobs. When you decide to find a job, you will see one interesting fact. Majority of the employers are looking for people with academic degrees. They believe that if a person has a degree, he/she can cope with all tasks and hard work environment as in college, people learn how to adapt to different situations and be at the top!

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Microsofts Management Planning Essay - 1231 Words

Microsoft’s Management Planning Paper Within this paper Microsoft’s organization will be assessed with the planning functions of management. Along with a brief analysis of Microsoft’s history and the impact that legal issues, ethics and corporate social responsibility have on the planning functions of management. It will also analyze the factors that influence the Microsoft’s strategic, operational, and contingency planning. The Microsoft corporation is one of the most prevalent and powerful companies in the private computer business. Established in 1975 by Paul Allen and Bill Gates, Microsoft has the strongest presence in just about all areas of computer software, from applications to programming tools. Bill Gates wanted to†¦show more content†¦Planning principles may be or external or internal. Internal consist of asset investment plans, executive labor affairs, beliefs of management. While external includes political, social, and economical transformation. Internal principles are controllable while external are not controllable. To facilitate the management of Microsoft the company is run by a Board of Directors. This is a strategic form of planning that impacts the legal issues, ethics and corporate and social responsibility of the company. The committees include the Compensation Committee, which grants compensation for the CEO and supplementary employees of the corporation; the Governance and Nominating Committee, which takes care of an assortment of corporate matters as well as nomination of the board; the Finance Committee, which takes care of financial matters such as recommended unifications and acquirements; the Audit Committee, which takes care of accounting issues with the corporation together with reports and audits; and the Antitrust Compliance Committee, which puts forth efforts to put a stop to company practice from violating antitrust laws. Other aspects to the corporate configuration are there is a Executive Team, comprised of sixteen corporate officers around the world, which is in charge o f a variety of duties including making sure staff understand Microsofts traditions of business. That teamShow MoreRelatedInternal and External Factors of Management1396 Words   |  6 Pagesoperates. In depth, Microsoft’s planning functions are influenced by the consumer’s need, which continues to influence Microsoft’s products and services. The purpose of this paper is to identify and explain the internal and external factors which impact the planning functions of management within Microsoft Corporation. The internal desire to conquer all world markets in the software business is very challenging but Microsoft has proven it can be done with careful planning in regard to rapidRead MoreSoftware And Application Lifecycle Management1327 Words   |  6 Pagesapplication causing a ripple effect with endless updates leaving with an entangled mess. Software businesses should use an application lifecycle management service as a solution to resolving these issues with the applications that they design. â€Å"Application lifecycle management (ALM) is the supervision of a software application from its initial planning through retirement† (Rouse, M. 2011). Software companies that use this solution are able to create a portfolio by managing the different phasesRead MoreStrategic Initiative Paper.1324 Words   |  6 Pagesimplement a strategic planning initiative in which the company would repurchase its stock. The $40 billion program would result in increased quarterly dividends and a return to shareholders of close to $14 billion (Microsoft Corporation, 2009). In this paper, Team B will analyze the stock repurchase initiative of Microsoft. The team will describe the relationship between strategic and financial planning. Further, Team B will describe how the initiative will impact the financial planning of Microsoft, andRead MorePrinciples of Management - Microsoft1039 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION Background of Principle of Management Management can be defined as all the activities and tasks undertaken by one or more persons for the purpose of planning and controlling the activities of others in order to achieve an objective or complete an activity that could not be achieved by the others acting independently. Managers in organization do this task. Management contains these few components which are planning, organizing, leading and controlling. Planning involves defining goals, establishingRead MorePrinciples of Management - Microsoft1031 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION Background of Principle of Management Management can be defined as all the activities and tasks undertaken by one or more persons for the purpose of planning and controlling the activities of others in order to achieve an objective or complete an activity that could not be achieved by the others acting independently. Managers in organization do this task. Management contains these few components which are planning, organizing, leading and controlling. Planning involves defining goals, establishingRead MoreMicrosoft Corporation : The First Computer Programming Language1519 Words   |  7 Pagessenior leaders. Top management includes Satya Nadella, CEO, and Brad Smith, President and Chief Legal Officer. Additionally, there are several Executive VPs who all preside over different departments, including marketing, corporate strategy and planning, human resources and finances. Between them, they have an impressive range of leadership skills, including, but certainly not limited to, administration, strategic planning, deci sion-making, innovation and risk management. (Microsoft CorporationRead MoreSoftware Businesses Use An Application Lifecycle Management Service1369 Words   |  6 Pagescausing a ripple effect with endless updates leaving with an entangled mess in the program. Software businesses should use an application lifecycle management service as a solution to resolving these issues with the applications that they design. â€Å"Application lifecycle management (ALM) is the supervision of a software application from its initial planning through retirement† (Rouse, M. 2011). Software companies that use this solution are able to create a portfolio by managing the different phasesRead MoreAssessing Microsofts Corporate Strategy Development and Governance1551 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Assessing Microsofts Corporate Strategy Development and Governance Introduction Microsoft has one of the most pervasive portfolios of software applications, services and products globally, equally effective in gaining and keeping customers in the consumer, small business and enterprise markets. The series of broad business models that comprise the company require intensive levels of governance, risk and compliance management (Ali, Green, 2012). Microsoft operates in over 160 different nationsRead MoreMicrosoft Internal And External Factors1652 Words   |  7 Pages Trends Business Environment: Successful companies practice a disciplined management strategy which encompasses the four functions of management: planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. The application of these management practices is evident in further analyzing the management construct of Microsoft Corporation. A global corporation who specializes in providing technology solutions for five different business segments ranging from personal computers to gaming devices, Microsoft has demonstratedRead MoreOrganizational Structure Essay examples902 Words   |  4 Pages{text:bookmark-start} Running head: ORGANIZATIONAL {text:bookmark-end} STRUCTURE Organizational Structure Romanoff, T. Axia College of University of Phoenix MGT 330 Management: Theory, Practice and Application Peter Espeut October 26, 2009 Organizational Structure Planning and organization are crucial for an organization to achieve maximum effectiveness and success. Microsoft Company, for instance, has an organizational structure consisting of board of directors who include

Microsofts Management Planning Essay - 1231 Words

Microsoft’s Management Planning Paper Within this paper Microsoft’s organization will be assessed with the planning functions of management. Along with a brief analysis of Microsoft’s history and the impact that legal issues, ethics and corporate social responsibility have on the planning functions of management. It will also analyze the factors that influence the Microsoft’s strategic, operational, and contingency planning. The Microsoft corporation is one of the most prevalent and powerful companies in the private computer business. Established in 1975 by Paul Allen and Bill Gates, Microsoft has the strongest presence in just about all areas of computer software, from applications to programming tools. Bill Gates wanted to†¦show more content†¦Planning principles may be or external or internal. Internal consist of asset investment plans, executive labor affairs, beliefs of management. While external includes political, social, and economical transformation. Internal principles are controllable while external are not controllable. To facilitate the management of Microsoft the company is run by a Board of Directors. This is a strategic form of planning that impacts the legal issues, ethics and corporate and social responsibility of the company. The committees include the Compensation Committee, which grants compensation for the CEO and supplementary employees of the corporation; the Governance and Nominating Committee, which takes care of an assortment of corporate matters as well as nomination of the board; the Finance Committee, which takes care of financial matters such as recommended unifications and acquirements; the Audit Committee, which takes care of accounting issues with the corporation together with reports and audits; and the Antitrust Compliance Committee, which puts forth efforts to put a stop to company practice from violating antitrust laws. Other aspects to the corporate configuration are there is a Executive Team, comprised of sixteen corporate officers around the world, which is in charge o f a variety of duties including making sure staff understand Microsofts traditions of business. That teamShow MoreRelatedInternal and External Factors of Management1396 Words   |  6 Pagesoperates. In depth, Microsoft’s planning functions are influenced by the consumer’s need, which continues to influence Microsoft’s products and services. The purpose of this paper is to identify and explain the internal and external factors which impact the planning functions of management within Microsoft Corporation. The internal desire to conquer all world markets in the software business is very challenging but Microsoft has proven it can be done with careful planning in regard to rapidRead MoreSoftware And Application Lifecycle Management1327 Words   |  6 Pagesapplication causing a ripple effect with endless updates leaving with an entangled mess. Software businesses should use an application lifecycle management service as a solution to resolving these issues with the applications that they design. â€Å"Application lifecycle management (ALM) is the supervision of a software application from its initial planning through retirement† (Rouse, M. 2011). Software companies that use this solution are able to create a portfolio by managing the different phasesRead MoreStrategic Initiative Paper.1324 Words   |  6 Pagesimplement a strategic planning initiative in which the company would repurchase its stock. The $40 billion program would result in increased quarterly dividends and a return to shareholders of close to $14 billion (Microsoft Corporation, 2009). In this paper, Team B will analyze the stock repurchase initiative of Microsoft. The team will describe the relationship between strategic and financial planning. Further, Team B will describe how the initiative will impact the financial planning of Microsoft, andRead MorePrinciples of Management - Microsoft1039 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION Background of Principle of Management Management can be defined as all the activities and tasks undertaken by one or more persons for the purpose of planning and controlling the activities of others in order to achieve an objective or complete an activity that could not be achieved by the others acting independently. Managers in organization do this task. Management contains these few components which are planning, organizing, leading and controlling. Planning involves defining goals, establishingRead MorePrinciples of Management - Microsoft1031 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION Background of Principle of Management Management can be defined as all the activities and tasks undertaken by one or more persons for the purpose of planning and controlling the activities of others in order to achieve an objective or complete an activity that could not be achieved by the others acting independently. Managers in organization do this task. Management contains these few components which are planning, organizing, leading and controlling. Planning involves defining goals, establishingRead MoreMicrosoft Corporation : The First Computer Programming Language1519 Words   |  7 Pagessenior leaders. Top management includes Satya Nadella, CEO, and Brad Smith, President and Chief Legal Officer. Additionally, there are several Executive VPs who all preside over different departments, including marketing, corporate strategy and planning, human resources and finances. Between them, they have an impressive range of leadership skills, including, but certainly not limited to, administration, strategic planning, deci sion-making, innovation and risk management. (Microsoft CorporationRead MoreSoftware Businesses Use An Application Lifecycle Management Service1369 Words   |  6 Pagescausing a ripple effect with endless updates leaving with an entangled mess in the program. Software businesses should use an application lifecycle management service as a solution to resolving these issues with the applications that they design. â€Å"Application lifecycle management (ALM) is the supervision of a software application from its initial planning through retirement† (Rouse, M. 2011). Software companies that use this solution are able to create a portfolio by managing the different phasesRead MoreAssessing Microsofts Corporate Strategy Development and Governance1551 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Assessing Microsofts Corporate Strategy Development and Governance Introduction Microsoft has one of the most pervasive portfolios of software applications, services and products globally, equally effective in gaining and keeping customers in the consumer, small business and enterprise markets. The series of broad business models that comprise the company require intensive levels of governance, risk and compliance management (Ali, Green, 2012). Microsoft operates in over 160 different nationsRead MoreMicrosoft Internal And External Factors1652 Words   |  7 Pages Trends Business Environment: Successful companies practice a disciplined management strategy which encompasses the four functions of management: planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. The application of these management practices is evident in further analyzing the management construct of Microsoft Corporation. A global corporation who specializes in providing technology solutions for five different business segments ranging from personal computers to gaming devices, Microsoft has demonstratedRead MoreOrganizational Structure Essay examples902 Words   |  4 Pages{text:bookmark-start} Running head: ORGANIZATIONAL {text:bookmark-end} STRUCTURE Organizational Structure Romanoff, T. Axia College of University of Phoenix MGT 330 Management: Theory, Practice and Application Peter Espeut October 26, 2009 Organizational Structure Planning and organization are crucial for an organization to achieve maximum effectiveness and success. Microsoft Company, for instance, has an organizational structure consisting of board of directors who include

Microsofts Management Planning Essay - 1231 Words

Microsoft’s Management Planning Paper Within this paper Microsoft’s organization will be assessed with the planning functions of management. Along with a brief analysis of Microsoft’s history and the impact that legal issues, ethics and corporate social responsibility have on the planning functions of management. It will also analyze the factors that influence the Microsoft’s strategic, operational, and contingency planning. The Microsoft corporation is one of the most prevalent and powerful companies in the private computer business. Established in 1975 by Paul Allen and Bill Gates, Microsoft has the strongest presence in just about all areas of computer software, from applications to programming tools. Bill Gates wanted to†¦show more content†¦Planning principles may be or external or internal. Internal consist of asset investment plans, executive labor affairs, beliefs of management. While external includes political, social, and economical transformation. Internal principles are controllable while external are not controllable. To facilitate the management of Microsoft the company is run by a Board of Directors. This is a strategic form of planning that impacts the legal issues, ethics and corporate and social responsibility of the company. The committees include the Compensation Committee, which grants compensation for the CEO and supplementary employees of the corporation; the Governance and Nominating Committee, which takes care of an assortment of corporate matters as well as nomination of the board; the Finance Committee, which takes care of financial matters such as recommended unifications and acquirements; the Audit Committee, which takes care of accounting issues with the corporation together with reports and audits; and the Antitrust Compliance Committee, which puts forth efforts to put a stop to company practice from violating antitrust laws. Other aspects to the corporate configuration are there is a Executive Team, comprised of sixteen corporate officers around the world, which is in charge o f a variety of duties including making sure staff understand Microsofts traditions of business. That teamShow MoreRelatedInternal and External Factors of Management1396 Words   |  6 Pagesoperates. In depth, Microsoft’s planning functions are influenced by the consumer’s need, which continues to influence Microsoft’s products and services. The purpose of this paper is to identify and explain the internal and external factors which impact the planning functions of management within Microsoft Corporation. The internal desire to conquer all world markets in the software business is very challenging but Microsoft has proven it can be done with careful planning in regard to rapidRead MoreSoftware And Application Lifecycle Management1327 Words   |  6 Pagesapplication causing a ripple effect with endless updates leaving with an entangled mess. Software businesses should use an application lifecycle management service as a solution to resolving these issues with the applications that they design. â€Å"Application lifecycle management (ALM) is the supervision of a software application from its initial planning through retirement† (Rouse, M. 2011). Software companies that use this solution are able to create a portfolio by managing the different phasesRead MoreStrategic Initiative Paper.1324 Words   |  6 Pagesimplement a strategic planning initiative in which the company would repurchase its stock. The $40 billion program would result in increased quarterly dividends and a return to shareholders of close to $14 billion (Microsoft Corporation, 2009). In this paper, Team B will analyze the stock repurchase initiative of Microsoft. The team will describe the relationship between strategic and financial planning. Further, Team B will describe how the initiative will impact the financial planning of Microsoft, andRead MorePrinciples of Management - Microsoft1039 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION Background of Principle of Management Management can be defined as all the activities and tasks undertaken by one or more persons for the purpose of planning and controlling the activities of others in order to achieve an objective or complete an activity that could not be achieved by the others acting independently. Managers in organization do this task. Management contains these few components which are planning, organizing, leading and controlling. Planning involves defining goals, establishingRead MorePrinciples of Management - Microsoft1031 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION Background of Principle of Management Management can be defined as all the activities and tasks undertaken by one or more persons for the purpose of planning and controlling the activities of others in order to achieve an objective or complete an activity that could not be achieved by the others acting independently. Managers in organization do this task. Management contains these few components which are planning, organizing, leading and controlling. Planning involves defining goals, establishingRead MoreMicrosoft Corporation : The First Computer Programming Language1519 Words   |  7 Pagessenior leaders. Top management includes Satya Nadella, CEO, and Brad Smith, President and Chief Legal Officer. Additionally, there are several Executive VPs who all preside over different departments, including marketing, corporate strategy and planning, human resources and finances. Between them, they have an impressive range of leadership skills, including, but certainly not limited to, administration, strategic planning, deci sion-making, innovation and risk management. (Microsoft CorporationRead MoreSoftware Businesses Use An Application Lifecycle Management Service1369 Words   |  6 Pagescausing a ripple effect with endless updates leaving with an entangled mess in the program. Software businesses should use an application lifecycle management service as a solution to resolving these issues with the applications that they design. â€Å"Application lifecycle management (ALM) is the supervision of a software application from its initial planning through retirement† (Rouse, M. 2011). Software companies that use this solution are able to create a portfolio by managing the different phasesRead MoreAssessing Microsofts Corporate Strategy Development and Governance1551 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Assessing Microsofts Corporate Strategy Development and Governance Introduction Microsoft has one of the most pervasive portfolios of software applications, services and products globally, equally effective in gaining and keeping customers in the consumer, small business and enterprise markets. The series of broad business models that comprise the company require intensive levels of governance, risk and compliance management (Ali, Green, 2012). Microsoft operates in over 160 different nationsRead MoreMicrosoft Internal And External Factors1652 Words   |  7 Pages Trends Business Environment: Successful companies practice a disciplined management strategy which encompasses the four functions of management: planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. The application of these management practices is evident in further analyzing the management construct of Microsoft Corporation. A global corporation who specializes in providing technology solutions for five different business segments ranging from personal computers to gaming devices, Microsoft has demonstratedRead MoreOrganizational Structure Essay examples902 Words   |  4 Pages{text:bookmark-start} Running head: ORGANIZATIONAL {text:bookmark-end} STRUCTURE Organizational Structure Romanoff, T. Axia College of University of Phoenix MGT 330 Management: Theory, Practice and Application Peter Espeut October 26, 2009 Organizational Structure Planning and organization are crucial for an organization to achieve maximum effectiveness and success. Microsoft Company, for instance, has an organizational structure consisting of board of directors who include

Bad Samarians Free Essays

Ha-Joon Chang is a Cambridge heterodox economist, who specializes in development economics and the abject poverty of the Third World countries. Trained at the University of Cambridge, he has served as a consultant to the World Bank, the European Investment Bank, and various United Nations agencies. Since 1992 he has also served on the editorial board of the Cambridge Journal of Economics, he is the author and contributor of many researches in economics. We will write a custom essay sample on Bad Samarians or any similar topic only for you Order Now The objective of this essay – to review his views described in his controversial new book â€Å"Bad Samaritans: The Myth of Free Trade and the Secret History of Capitalism,† and to compare it with the more traditional views where it possible. Bad Samaritans Mostly in his book Ha-Joon Chang appeals to his opponents, orthodox economists, and generalists in particular. Ha-Joon Chang has wide personal experience because he was born in the country that was one of the poorest on Earth that time. The new book starts with the description of economic downturn in Korea after the Korean War. It is hard to believe, but the famous Samsung Company that time was subsidized by sugar refining and textile enterprises. Another big company, Pohang Iron and Steel Co. , or POSCO, which now is the third largest steel company in the world, was state-owned and couldn’t get the support from the World Bank. Analyzing the development of other economics in the 1960s, the author notices that Japanese government refused to follow the politics of free trade that time and this decision had a positive impact on Japanese car manufacturing industry. In other case modern famous Japanese companies could be the filials of Western companies, and nothing more. This thonking leads the reader to the concept of what Ha-Joon Chang calls the â€Å"Bad Samaritans. † As the author described, â€Å"people in the rich countries who preach free markets and free trade to the poor countries in order to capture larger shares of the latter’s markets and preempt the emergence of possible competitors. They are saying ‘do as we say, not as we did’ and act as Bad Samaritans, taking advantage of others who are in trouble. † Chang divides â€Å"Bad Samaritans† into two groups: first are the leaders working in the â€Å"unholy trinity† of global financial organizations: World Bank, World Trade Organization and International Monetary Fund, and second are the ideologues – â€Å"those who believe in Bad Samaritan policies because they think those policies are ‘right,’ not because they personally benefit from them much, if at all. † The common feature of both groups is the adherence to a doctrine called â€Å"neoliberalism†, which is dominating in the global economy from 1970s till nowadays. The worst in this doctrine, according the opinion of the author, is the fact that those countries that propagate this doctrine all over the world reject its implementation in their own economical systems. The key characteristics of neoliberalistic economics were called â€Å"Golden Straitjacket,† which is the only root to economic success according its advocates, like â€Å"unholy trinity†. They actively implement this economic policy in poor and developing countries. As it known from the Nobel-awarded researchers of orthodox economists, the Golden Straitjacket policy struggle for trade liberalization, reducing corruption and state bureaucracy, privatization of state-owned enterprises and pensions, balancing the national budget, intellectual rights protection and other trends and policies which are intended to guarantee the stable economic growth. In real life the implementation of these policies in developing countries leads to creation of economical dependence from global financial organizations. At the same time the most developed countries don’t implement the Golden Straitjacket policy. Ha-Joon Chang writes: â€Å"Practically all of today’s developed countries, including Britain and the US, the supposed homes of the free market and free trade, have become rich on the basis of policy recipes that go against neo-liberal economics. † Rich countries protect their manufacturer from the foreign investments and use subsidies and protections to protect their industries. The WTO sanctions are considered by rich countries as the lesser evil. Chang enumerates prominent men from different countries whose economic solutions became the basis of their countries flourishing. All of them struggled for the development of the national production and used protectionists’ politics. Chang notices out that nowadays the most developed countries do the same, especially the USA. He claims the Third World War has already begun and the USA tries to maintain its position as global hegemon. There are already conquered sides in this war, and one of them is the African countries. As the result of neoliberalism policy, The living standards in Africa are falling within the recent thirty years, because IMF and World Bank run most of African economies virtually. All the features of neoliberalizm described above were implemented in African countries. As the result the struggle with corruption ruined the system of communities existed before, the struggle with bureaucracy left courtiers without the perfect executive power branch, the intellectual property protection prevented the development of sciences, and pension privatization left the elder people to the poverty. Chang criticizes the struggle with the corruption because, according his words, â€Å"Most of today’s rich countries successfully industrialized despite the fact that their own public life was spectacularly corrupt. † Another object of sharp critics of the author is the concept of cultural influence on the economical performance of the country. The popular idea tells that the culture if the country defined the business methods of its people and thus their economic success. First this idea is an intolerant and chauvinists’ one, second, cultural differenced fail be the main explanation for economic success. He claims that the culture of the country is the result of economical development and not the cause. Using the chapters describing the mechanisms of economical development in different countries Chang proves that cultural explanation is just the screen to mask the real reason: the richest countries are afraid of competitors from below and do their best to annihilate the possible competition in the moment of origin. Generally, Chang writes, the policy of protectionism is absolutely normal, because it exists for ages. The problem is in hypocrisy surrounding â€Å"free trade†. According to Chang, â€Å"Belief in the virtue of free trade is so central to the neo-liberal orthodoxy that it is effectively what defines a neo-liberal economist. You may question (if not totally reject) any other element of the neo-liberal agenda—open capital markets, strong patents, or even privatization—and still stay in the neo-liberal church. However, once you object to free trade, you are effectively inviting ex-communication. † Analyzing the existing situation on the global market, Chang concludes that the golden straitjacket fits the healthy countries only. This policy allows production distribution between countries, and poor countries are forces to specialize in the sector s that â€Å"offer low productivity growth and thus low growth in living standards. This is why so few countries have succeeded with free trade, while most successful countries have used infant industry protection to one degree or another. † Thus, the free trade, according the Chang, is a fiction and the tool for rich countries and â€Å"unholy trinity† for redistribution of wealth. Conclusion The views of Ha-Joon Chang to the development of global economy nowadays are contradictory and don’t correspond to the mainstream in the economical science. However there are many writers and scientists with the same mind who share Chang’s ideas that the ideology of free trade and its implementation are two different things, and the first of them can be used as the powerful tool of economical influence. Reference Ha-Joon Chang. 2007. Bad Samaritans:The Myth of Free Trade and the Secret History of Capitalism. Bloomsbury Press How to cite Bad Samarians, Papers

Quality Vs Old Fasion Essays - Videotape, Consumer Electronics

Quality Vs Old Fasion Quality vs. Old Fashion With the introduction of DVD technology, VHS videotapes are eventually going to be put out of production. Just like compact disks have taken over cassette tapes. Although cassette tapes are still being produced, they are not as popular as they were during the late 70s and early 80s. There are different aspects between a DVD and a VHS movie that include picture quality, sound quality, and special features that were not in the theater version. The first thing someone will notice when watching a DVD movie is the Significantly better video quality than standard VHS. The picture is more crisp and clear than it is on a VHS. This is because DVDs are made from digital technology. Some DVDs offer a wide screen version or a formatted screen version of the movie. The difference between the two is that the formatted screen version is cropped and fits a television screen. The wide screen version is the version that is played at the movie theater. More of the picture can be viewed with the wide screen version than the formatted version, but there are two black bars at the top and bottom of the screen that have to be ignored while watching the movie. Another difference between the two concerning picture quality is the tracking feature on VHS. This is not a feature on a DVD. As long as the disk is in good condition there will be no locked or chattered images (DVD vs. Video Tape, home page). The next noticeable difference between DVD and VHS is the sound quality. The sound quality on DVD is very clear. Whereas a VHS will have some static in the sound. Some companies include a surround sound feature called Dolby Surround Sound. Those who have a home entertainment system can take advantage of this feature. Although the feature is still noticed without an entertainment system. The surround sound feature on a DVD will have better quality than a VHS. Someone could be satisfied with the VHS surround sound quality, but the static that would not be on a DVD video will still be there. One of the most magnificent features of a DVD is the special features screen. Different options can be selected from the special features screen on a DVD that you would not find on a VHS. More information can be learned about the film with the special features. Features like out takes, soundtrack video, the making of the movie, choice between different languages, and various other options. Some VHS videos may have out takes and other features at the end of the movie, but then there is the inconvenience of having to fast forward to the end of the movie just to view them. With a DVD you can simply choose the option and go right to the selection. Another feature of a DVD is the not having to rewind feature. You still have the rewind button so you can search through the movie, but you dont have to rewind the movie when its over. In conclusion, DVDs may cost a little more than VHS videotapes, but it will be worth the extra couple of dollars. When you buy a DVD you are buying a better quality of the movie than you would get with a VHS tape. DVDs have more features to offer, better picture quality, and better sound quality. With this said, why would anyone still decide to buy a VHS tape? Works Cited Cisco Inc. DVD vs. Video Tape. Todds DVD Page. (17 February 2001) *http://www.ultranet.com/~tshort/dvdframe.htm* English Essays

Nutrition Month Essays

Nutrition Month Essays Nutrition Month Paper Nutrition Month Paper Did you know that we celebrate Food Conservation Month in January; Heart Month and National Arts Month in February; Fire Prevention Month, National Women’s Month, and Tax Consciousness Month in March; Buwan ng Wikang Pambansa and National Lung Month in August; National Science Club Month in September; National Children’s Month and Consumer Welfare Month in October; and Filipino Values Month in November? Did I forget a month? Oh, yes! So, what are we celebrating this month? Oh my gulay, it’s Nutrition Month! By virtue of Presidential Decree 491 (aka Nutrition Act of the Philippines), the National Nutrition Council is spearheading this nationwide celebration, now in its 38th year, that carries this very meaty theme: Pagkain ng gulay ugaliin, araw-araw itong ihain. The 38th Nutrition Month celebration underscores the importance of vegetables to increase vegetable consumption as part of a healthy diet to address micronutrient deficiencies and non-communicable diseases, promote vegetable gardening as a source of additional food and income, and increase demand for vegetables to help local vegetable farmers. Nutrition Month focuses on vegetables for several reasons: Filipinos are eating less and less vegetables. From 145 grams per day in 1978, consumption has decreased to 110 grams per day in 2008. In terms of age groups, children six months to five years old consumed only a little amount of vegetables. Studies show that among the reasons for low vegetable consumption are: influence of family members who do not eat vegetables, dislike for vegetables because of taste and texture, cultural beliefs about vegetables, cost, preparation time, and fear of chemicals. In eating such vegetables, we can get nutrients such as vitamins A, B, C, E as well as potassium, folic acid, iron, and calcium. In eating vegetables, we can get health benefits unlike other foods; and the following are the benefits that we can get. Vegetables as part of a healthy diet can help prevent major non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, stomach cancer, colorectal cancer, obesity, and diabetes. Consumption of vegetables can help prevent micronutrient deficiencies. Vegetables ensure an adequate intake of most micronutrients, dietary fibers, and a host of essential non-nutrient substances. Eating vegetables may help decrease bone loss as vegetables decrease the amount of calcium excreted in the urine. It may help lower calorie intake and thus help in maintaining healthy weight because vegetables are low in calories and do not contain cholesterol. Vegetables contain antioxidants and protectants such as carotenoids, lycopene, and phytochemicals, which can help strengthen the immune system, reduce the risk of diseases, and contribute to well-being. Our school, Our Lady of Caysasay Academy, first celebrated Nutrition Month which had certain contests for us students that we really enjoyed. Contests like The Making of the Nutri-Board, by section, which will be divided into 2 groups and will compete for the representative of the class and the other contest was Veggie Fest, which is also by section, wherein, 3 representatives will be picked to cook a certain dish that will test our creativity. For Grade 7, the dish given to them is Vegetable Salad; sophomore, Malunggay Dish; Junior, Chop Suey; and for the seniors, their own and original dish. Well, I’ll just mention the places that we’ve got. For the Nutri-Board, even though the other group won, I’m still grateful that they got the first place. And for the Veggie Fest, we earned the second place. It is our first time to celebrate it, I can say that it’s a success and we had a lot of fun. There are certain students who won and who didn’t, but whatever happens, we accepted reality. We still have the next year to further make a lot of practice and such to really win. I’m hoping that our school will still celebrate it next year, for it is such a wonderful experience. .

Quotes Showing Why Anakin Skywalker Turned Evil

Quotes Showing Why Anakin Skywalker Turned Evil If you are a Star Wars fan, you have probably read up everything about Anakin Skywalker and Darth Vader. Darth Vader is one of the most popular sci-fi villains. The transformation of pristinely good and golden Anakin Skywalker into the dark and dangerous Darth Vader is interesting. So what makes Anakin Skywalker, the most powerful Jedi, turn evil? Who Is Anakin Skywalker? Anakin Skywalker, the hero, once worshiped by the Jedi Order becomes a victim of his circumstance. His love for his wife Padme Amidala becomes his undoing. He turns to the dark side when he realizes that it was the only way he can save his beloved wife from dying. After a vicious battle with the Jedi led by his mentor Obi-Wan Kenobi, Anakin is left badly injured. He is saved by Palpatine, his Jedi mentor who is secretly a Sith Lord. Of course, Palpatines motives are to use Anakin against the Jedi Order, as he wants to manipulate Anakin Skywalkers strengths and weaknesses. The Rise of Darth Vader Lord Palpatine turns Anakin Skywalker into the dark and deadly Darth Vader for his selfish pursuits. Darth Vader rises like a phoenix with his mind filled with hatred for the Jedi. He becomes the oppressor and tyrant that fills the Jedi with trepidation. Darth Vader, the ruthless slayer of Jedi younglings, is a victim of political vendetta. He is an agent of evil with a heart of goodness. What Can You Learn From Anakin Skywalkers Character? Anakin Skywalkers complex personality makes him one of the most popular characters in sci-fi movies. The two faces of Anakin Skywalker and Darth Vader remind us that it is good and evil in every one of us. It is your choice to be what you want to be. You can blame your circumstances for your misdeeds. Or you can accept reality, and work hard to be good despite the negative energy around you. The choice is yours. Here is some soul-stirring Anakin Skywalker quotes that will put you in a reflective mood. For those who love Darth Vader, read some quotes from the evil Sith Lord himself. Anakin Skywalker Prequel Quotes Episode II - Attack of the ClonesYoure asking me to be rational. That is something I know I cannot do. Believe me, I wish I could just wish away my feelings, but I cant. Episode I - The Phantom MenaceMom, you said that the biggest problem in the universe is no one helps each other. Episode II - Attack of the ClonesAttachment is forbidden. Possession is forbidden. Compassion- which I would define as†¦unconditional love- is essential to a Jedis life. So, you might say that we are encouraged to love. Episode II - Attack of the ClonesWe will find out whos trying to kill you, Padmà ©. I promise you. Episode II - Attack of the ClonesSomeday I will be the most powerful Jedi ever. Episode II - Attack of the ClonesI killed them. I killed them all. Theyre dead, every single one of them. And not just the men, but the women and the children, too. Theyre like animals, and I slaughtered them like animals. I HATE THEM! Episode II - Attack of the ClonesIts all Obi-Wans fault. Hes jealous. Hes holding me back. Episode II - Attack of the Clones[Anakin uses his Force levitation to slice a fruit for Padme] If Obi-Wan caught me doing that, he would be very grumpy. Episode III - Revenge of the SithIm going there to end this war. Wait for me until I return. Things will be different, I promise. Please wait for me. Episode II - Attack of the Clones[Anakin Skywalker, after Obi-Wan Kenobi cuts off Zam Wesells arm] Jedi business, go back to your drinks!

The lack of cultural awareness in the average American Soldier served Essay

The lack of cultural awareness in the average American Soldier served as a detriment during the early phases of the Iraqi War - Essay Example Firstly, culture is not a static entity. Rather, it`s a dynamic and an ever changing concept. Since people are the driving force behind a culture, it keeps evolving and changing according to the change in circumstances. Secondly, culture is not inherited, i.e. it can`t be transferred via genes to the next generation. In fact, it is transmitted through socialization from one generation to another. Culture can also be multi-faceted, which implies that one person might be exposed to various cultures at the same time, which incarnates values and beliefs in an individual which are a blend of various other cultures. Fourthly, there are various means of transmitting a culture, including our family, friends, school, religion, media and any other modes of communication we experience. Thus, acquiring a culture is a continuous process which goes on through our entire lives. Lastly, culture is expressed though various means, which is reflected in the way our beliefs are carved, the way we dress up, talk, eat, our work habits etc (Colbert). Thus, culture is a very important entity which leaves an impact on almost all aspects of the lives of an individual, who is a member of a community or a nation. Since shared cultures and meanings are an important part of an individual`s identity socialized via various modes, it is important to understand the culture of a region to understand the dynamics of that area. For this reason, the lack of cultural awareness in American soldiers acted as a detriment during the Iraqi war. To analyze the situation closely, it is important to study the geography and the history of the military conflict in detail, the weather analysis of the region, and the ASCOPE (areas, structures, capabilities, organizations, people and events) of the region of interest. To understand the culture, however, it is important to

Analyse Cast Away (Dir. Robert Zemeckis, 2000) in depth as an example Essay

Analyse Cast Away (Dir. Robert Zemeckis, 2000) in depth as an example of New Hollywood and examine film from industrial, formal- - Essay Example A FedEx delivery van pulls into a ranch with a big overhead iron sculpture which reads Dick and Bettram. The ranch is an island in a sea of prairie. The radio plays Elvis Pressley â€Å"Heartbreak Hotel† as the driver picks up a package stamped with a logo of two wings embraced by three halos. As the driver leaves, Elvis sings â€Å"I’m All Shook Up†; it’s not a radio, she’s an Elvis fan. The van door reopens in Russia. The package is delivered to her husband who is with another woman. The next package is delivered by a little boy to Chuck Noland (Tom Hanks) who pulls a timer from the packet and continues his lecture on urgency, how time rules life. Back in Memphis, Chuck proposes marriage, actually he doesn’t, but promises to discuss it on New Years Day when he returns, to Kelly Frears (Helen Hunt) in a car at the airport. He was paged at Christmas dinner for this troubleshooting trip. She has given him a family heirloom, a railroad pocket w atch used by her grandfather on the Southern Pacific, with her picture in the case. Chuck rushes to the plane. The plane crashes in the Southern Pacific. Chuck washes ashore, alone, on a small island. Chuck must learn survival skills such as building a fire, collecting edible plants, fishing and crabbing. An episode of self-help dentistry caps his early time on the island. Four years later, he is a competent provider and will survive. One day half a portable toilet shed washes up. He sees it as a sail to get past the breakers. He designs and builds a raft and awaits the changing winds and tides to escape. Finally, he is cast adrift again hoping for a sea rescue. When a freighter finds him, he is on his way to a home that no longer exists. He is dead in his home. Kelly has married and has a child. He knows he must find a new life. The Socio-Cultural Perspective of Cast Away Cast Away is set from 1995 to 1999. The coming millennium brought discussions of time or urgency versus the com pass or importance (Covey, 2004). The religious aspects of the millennium and associated doomsday scenarios concerned the populace. The man versus the machine debate gained momentum. This film addressed these pressing and timely issues. The Clock Versus the Compass (Covey, 2004) The first speech Chuck Noland gives involves the importance of time. The film opens in rural Texas, a crossroads in the middle of nothing, where time is measured in days, not seconds. An artist listens to Heartbreak Hotel, foreshadowing the sight of the husband in Moscow. Chuck is in Moscow to troubleshoot the truck delivery issues faced by FedEx. He rewards the boy delivering the package with a portable CD player and an Elvis tape; Chuck is a fan too. Chuck is explaining through an interpreter that time is a relentless master, time rules over everything, time is like fire, it can give warmth or burn. Logistics is life, more important than his asking Kelly to be his wife. Christmas is a pager at dinner and t wo minutes in a car at the airport. Scheduling dinner requires both people with calendars looking for gaps in urgent activities. Kelly and Chuck are not priorities in their own lives. Traditional Hollywood views time as a â€Å"ticking bomb†. A deadline is set, for instance, the kidnappers will call for the money by noon. The action centers on accomplishing a task by a certain time. This film reverses that trend. Time is irrelevant on that island. Survival is relevant. Then in Act III, when Chuck is exhausted and just hanging on, time becomes relevant

Anti-Inflammatory Drug Tests

Anti-Inflammatory Drug Tests The method described by Lorke with slight modification was used to determine the safety of the MEA. Briefly, normal healthy male mice were divided into groups of five mice in each cage. MEA (100 and 1000 mg/kg) or vehicle were intraperitoneally administered. Access to food and water, toxic symptoms and the general behavior of mice were observed continuously for 1 h after the treatment, intermittently for 4 h, and thereafter over a period of 24 h. The mice were further observed for up to 14 days following treatment for any signs of toxicity and mortality. Result Over the study duration of 14 days, there were no deaths recorded in the groups of mice given 100 or 1000 mg/kg IP of MEA. During the observation period, MEA administration did not induce any variations in the general appearance or toxic signs in the animals. The writhing test has long been used as a screening tool for the assessment of analgesic or anti-inflammatory properties of new substances (Collier et al., 1968). This method presents a good sensitivity, although it has poor specificity. To avoid misinterpretation of the results, in the present study the antinociceptive effects of MEA were confirmed in the formalin test, a model of inflammatory pain which has two distinctive phases which may indicate different types of pain (Hunskaar and Hole, 1987). The early and late phases of formalin test have obvious differential properties, and therefore this test is useful not only for assessing the analgesic substances, but also for elucidating the mechanism of analgesia (Shibata et al., 1989). The early phase,  named non-inflammatory pain, is a result of direct stimulation of nociceptors and reflects centrally-mediated pain; the late phase,  named inflammatory pain, is caused by local inflammation with a release of inflammatory and hyper algesic mediators (Hunskaar  and Hole, 1987). The thermal model of the tail-flick test is considered to be a spinal reflex, but could also involve higher neural structures, and therefore this method identifies mainly central analgesics (Jensen and Yaksh, 1986; Le Bars et al., 2001). Due to their implication in virtually all human and animal diseases, inflammation and pain have become the focus of global scientific research. Adverse effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and opioids have necessitated the search for new drugs with minimal side effects (Dharmasiri et al.,2003; Vittalrao et al., 2011). The current trend of research is the investigation of medicines of plant origin because of their affordability and accessibility with minimal side effects. The thermal model of the tail-flick test is considered to be a spinal reflex, but could also involve higher neural structures, and therefore this method identifies mainly central analgesics (Jensen and Yaksh, 1986; Le Bars et al., 2001). The analgesic activity of Cyathula prostrata in this study was investigated using the hot plate and mouse writhing tests. The hot plate test is useful for the evaluation of centrally acting analgesics which are known to elevate the pain threshold of mice towards  heat (Hiruma-Lima et al., 2000). It also indicates narcotic involvement with opioid receptor (Turner, 1965). The writhing model is a sensitive method for screening peripheral analgesic efficacy agents and it is more sensitive to non-steroidal analgesics (Collier et al., 1963). The analgesic effect of acetic acid is due to the liberation and increased level of several mediators such as histamine and serotonin which act by stimulation of peripheral nociceptive neurons (Cui et al., 2010). Over the centuries, phytopharmaceuticals have been utilized by different communities of the world [1]. Acetic acid-induced writhing is a well recommended protocol in evaluating medicinal agents for their analgesic property. The pain induction caused by liberating endogenous substances as well as some other pain mediators such as arachidonic acid via cyclooxygenase, and prostaglandin biosynthesis [10,23]. This pain paradigm is widely used for the assessment of peripheral analgesic activity due to its sensitivity and response to the compounds at a dose which is not effective in other methods. The local peritoneal receptor could be the cause of abdominal writhings [24]. Pain sensation in acetic acid induced writhing paradigm is elicited by producing localized inflammatory response due to release of free arachidonic acid from tissue phospholipids via cyclo-oxygenase (COX), and producing prostaglandin specifically PGE2 and PGF2ÃŽ ±, the level of lipoxygenase products may also increases in peritoneal fluids [10,23]. These prostaglandin and lipoxygenase products cause inflammation and pain b y increasing capillary permeability. The substance inhibiting the writhings will have analgesic effect preferably by inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, a peripheral mechanism of pain inhibition [23]. Thermal nociception models such as hot plat and the tail immersion tests were used to evaluate central analgesic activity. The management of pain and inflammation related problems is a real challenge that people face daily. Although several drugs are available for these conditions, medicinal plants are believed to be an important source of new chemical substances with potential therapeutic effects (Gupta et al., 2006). Formalin test The formalin test was carried out as described by Santos and Calixto, (1997). Groups of mice (n=5) were treated with HAAE (150 and 200 mg/kg), HAME (150 and 200 mg/kg), Aspirin (100 mg/kg), Morphine (10 mg/kg) and distilled water. Formalin (1% v/v) was injected into the sub-plantar region of the right hind paw of the animals, one hour post treatment. The duration of paw licking was measured for 0-5 minutes (neurogenic phase) and 15-30 minutes (inflammatory phase) after formalin administration. Result The formalin test exhibited the characteristic biphasic response. Phase 1 response which was recorded from the time of formalin injection and 5 minutes post-injection was not affected by either extract at either dose level. Morphine however, showed significant (p minutes post formalin injection. The extracts of HAAE (150 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) and HAME (150 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) as well as aspirin and morphine showed significant (p Acetic acid induces pain by the release of endogenous mediators of pain such as prostaglandin through the activity of cyclooxygenase (COX) (Satyanarayana et al., 2004; Ballou et al., 2000). Therefore this model of pain should be inhibited by peripheral analgesics through the inhibition of COX activity. Our results therefore show that the higher doses of HAAE and HAME have peripheral analgesic properties similar to aspirin by inhibition of the release of endogenous pain mediators The formalin test is said to be a model of pain which closely resembles clinical pain compared to the other nociceptive models (Tjolsen and Hole, 1997). This test has two distinct phases: the first phase (neurogenic pain) due to direct chemical stimulation of nociceptors, results from the stimulation of myelinated and unmyelinated nociceptive afferent fibers, mainly C fibers, which can be suppressed by opioid analgesic drugs like morphine (Sayyah et al., 2004). The second or late phase seems to be an inflammatory response which elicits inflammatory pain and can be inhibited by anti-inflammatory drugs (Young at al., 2005). The second phase is caused by the release of inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins and histamine in the peripheral tissues, as well as functional changes in the neurons, of the spinal cord which may facilitate transmission in the spinal cord (Franca et al., 2001; Garcia et al., 2004) Cotton pellet induced granuloma tissue formation FPEO, BPEO and diclofenac sodium were orally administered for 16 consecutive days in Groups III-VII. On eighth day, the animals (Groups II-VII) were mildly anaesthetised with ether, four sterile cotton pellets (50 mg) were subcutaneously implanted in the dorsal region of the rats and two at the axilla and two at the groin regions. On 16th day, all the rats were killed using anaesthetic ether and the cotton pellets were dissected out without affecting the surrounding granuloma tissues (Winter and Porter 1957). Chronic inflamed tissues (from axilla and groin regions) were excised and stored in 0.9% saline at -20_C for biochemical analysis. The moist pellets were weighed and then dried at 60_C for 48 h and then again reweighed. The percentage reduction in cotton pellets weight of the test samples was observed and compared with that of respective cotton pellet and diclofenac sodium treated groups. This provides a measure to assess the anti -inflammatory effect of the test samples. Experimental design Seven groups were employed in the present anti-inflammatory study. Each group consists of six rats and experimental protocol included 16 days study. Each group of animals was employed with sterile cotton pellets (50 mg each) implantation in the dorsal region of rats at eighth day. Group I (vehicle control group): 1% of carboxy methyl cellulose (1 mL, p.o.) was administered to the rats for 16 consecutive days. Group II (negative control group): four sterile cotton pellets, 50 mg each were implanted in the dorsal region of rats at eighth day. Group III (positive control group): reference standard drug and diclofenac sodium (12.5 mg/kg, p.o.) were administered to the rats for 16 consecutive days. Groups IV-VII (test groups): rats were pretreated with free and bound phenolic compounds of E. officinalis (20 and 40 mg/kg, p.o.) for 16 consecutive days. Result Effect of E. officinalis on granulomatous tissue formation Table 1 shows the effect of FPEO and BPEO on granulomatous tissue changes due to cotton pellet induced chronic inflammation. Changes in the cotton pellets weight (wet weight-dry weight) of the test samples were compared with the cotton pellet and diclofenac sodium (12.5 mg/kg) treated groups. Pretreatment (i.e. on days 1-8) of diclofenac and the phenolic fractions of E. officinalis did not show any behavioral changes. Both the fractions have shown reduction in granulomatous tissue mass as compared to cotton pellet treated group. However, only high doses (40 mg/kg) of each fraction have shown  significant (p.05) reduction which was comparable to that of diclofenac sodium pretreated group. The hot plate method is very effective for evaluating drugs possessing analgesic property, which act centrally (Vale et al., 1999; Haque et al., 2001; Silva et al., 2003; Al-Naggar et al., 2003). Prolongation of reaction time in hot plate test inferred possible central analgesic effects of the oil. The oil increased the reaction time significantly at the dose levels used compared to control group. Acetic Acid-induced writhing has been used to evaluate drugs possessing peripheral analgesic effects (Koster et al., 1959; Viana et al., 2000). Acetic acid has been reported to cause hyperalgesia by liberating endogenous substances such as prostaglandins, leukotrieines, 5-HT, histamine, kinins, H+ and K+, etc. which have been implicated in the mediation of pain perception (Forth et al., 1986; Rang et al., 1999). Yin et al (2003) reported that many studies have shown that the earlier phase (1st phase) of formalininduced pain reflects the direct effect of formalin on nociceptors whereas the late phase (2nd phase) reflects inflammatory pain, which has been linked to prostaglandin synthesis (Hong and Abbot, 1995; Yin, et al., 2003). Opioid analgesics have been reported to possess antinociceptive effects in both phases having more effect at the 2nd phase (Le Bars et al., 2001). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) such as indomethacin is said to be effective only in the 1st phase especially if the formalin is injected at high concentration (Yashpal and Coderre, 1998). In this study, the oil dose-dependently inhibited nociception induced in the Formalin Test significantly compared to control group in the 1st phase (neurogenic) and 2nd phase (inflammatory). These results therefore further suggest that the oil contain constituents that exhibit anti-inflammatory properties Commonly used Non-Steroidal anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAID) such as aspirin and indomethacin are widely used to reduce swelling associated with pain and inflammation through inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by direct effect on cyclo-oxygenase (COX) in the arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism (Amos et al., 2001; Nwafor and Okwuasaba, 2003) Inflammation is a disorder involving localized increases in the number of leukocytes and a variety of complex mediator molecules [4]. Prostaglandins are ubiquitous substances that indicate and modulate cell and tissue responses involved in inflammation. Their biosynthesis has also been implicated in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, colonic adenomas and Alzheimers disease [5,6]. Medicinal plants are believed to be an important source of new chemical substances with potential therapeutic effects [7,8]. The research into plants with alleged folkloric use as pain relievers, antiinflammatory agents, should therefore be viewed as a fruitful and logical research strategy in the search for new analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs [9]. Acute toxicity test The animals were divided into six groups containing eight animals in each group. MEPA was suspended in normal saline and administered orally as a single dose to groups of mice at different concentrations (500, 750, 1000, 1250, 1500 and 2000 mgkg-1 b.w). These animals were observed for a 72 h period. The number of deaths was expressed as a percentile and the LD50 was determined by probit a test using the death percentage versus the log dose [12]. Result Acute toxicity test In the acute toxicity assay no deaths were observed during the 72 h period at the doses tested. At these doses, the animals showed no stereotypical symptoms associated with toxicity, such as convulsion, ataxy, diarrhoea or increased diuresis. The median lethal dose (LD50) was determined to be higher than highest dose tested i.e., 2.0 gkg-1 b.w. Cotton pellet-induced granuloma The cotton pellets-induced granuloma in rats was studied according to the method DArcy et al., 1960 [16]. The animals were divided into four groups of six animals in each group. The rats were anaesthetized and sterile cotton pellets weighing 10  ± 1 mg were implanted subcutaneously into both sides of the groin region of each rat. Group I served as control and received the vehicle (0.9% NaCl, 5 mlkg-1 b.w. The extract MEPA at the concentration of 250 and 500 mgkg-1 b.w was administered orally to groups II and III animals for seven consecutive days from the day of cotton pellet implantation. Group IV animals received indomethacin at a dose of 10 mgkg-1 b.w for the same period. On 8th day the animals were anaesthetized and the pellets together with the granuloma tissues were carefully removed and made free from extraneous tissues. The wet pellets were weighed and then dried in an oven at 60 °C for 24 h to constant weight, after that the dried pellets were weighed again. Increment in the dry weight of the pellets was taken as a measure of granuloma formation The antiproliferative effect of MEPA was compared with  control. Statistical analysis The values were expressed as mean  ± S.E.M. The statistical significance was determined by using the student t-test [17]. Values of P Result Cotton pellets-induced granuloma The effects of MEPA and indomethacin on the proliferative phase of inflammation are shown in table 1. A significant reduction in the weight of cotton pellets was observed with MEPA (250 and 500 mgkg-1 b.w) compared to the vehicle treated rats. However the degree of reduction was less than the effect caused by indomethacin. The cotton pellet method is widely used to evaluate the transudative and proliferative components of the chronic inflammation. The wet weight of the cotton pellets correlates with the transuda; the dry weight of the pellets correlates with the amount of the granulomatous tissue [20,21]. Administration of MEPA (250 and 500 mgkg-1 b.w) and indomethacin (10 mgkg-1 b.w) appear to be effective in inhibiting the wet weight of cotton pellet. On the other hand, the MEPA effect on dry weight of the cotton pellet was almost near to that of indomethacin. These data support the hypothesis of the greater effect of the MEPA on the inflammation in rats. This effect may be due to the cellular migration to injured sites and accumulation of collagen an mucopolysaccharides.

Coach of the Army Crew

Army Crew Case Analysis Coach of the Army Crew; Coach P. selected the top eight rowers for the Varsity boat after a long series of objective tests measuring each member’s speed, strength and coordination. The Varsity team had a clear advantage over the Junior Varsity team. So, how could Junior Varsity team beat the Varsity team in two-thirds of the time in practice races? There are obvious reasons behind the bad performance of the Varsity team. Coach P. lacking a leadership couldn’t see the signs of Varsity team having serious problems as a team.The problem with Coach P. ’s coaching mistake started with the team selection process of Varsity team members. He managed to measure individual performances successfully by using ergometer and weight records. However, as important as individual skills were, it was crucial for the eight individual members to be a team and synchronize their rowing. His performance and team building criteria lacked personality factors. Howev er, rowing needs a perfect teamwork and mental strength of the crew members. U. S.Olympic Committee’s research project showed that the master coaches those who were most experienced and successful tended to focus on psychological variables as the most important criteria for a successful crew team whereas novice coaches tended to focus on technique just like Coach P. did. Selecting a team solely dependent on individual technical performance resulted in very serious problems among team members. Coach P. lacking leadership skills had no vision about the team having serious trust and coordination problems.Just before National championships races, he –for the first time- included personality dimensions to analyze the team. It revealed that the Varsity team had no team leaders and had team disrupters instead. He brought in an external party to improve their confidence, concentration and motivation of the Varsity team which the Varsity team labeled it as â€Å"touch-feelyâ⠂¬ . Other than bringing in an external party, he should have acted as a leader and make the best decision for the group by using Rational Decision Making Model steps: first by identifying the problem, generating solutions, selecting the best solution and implementing it.He should have showed a transformation leadership which would increase acceptance and support from the Varsity Team. Each set of the transformational leadership behavior was very crucial for the disrupted team: * Inspirational motivation (establishing a vision using emotion): It is very obvious that the Varsity team had superior performance individually and they can perform much better if they believe in their team. However, they are demotivated and lost their beliefs in the team. Coach P. encouraged competition between JV and V groups which affected Varsity team negatively.Other than creating a tension between teams, he should have motivated each team separately and should have built close relationships with membe rs and provided an open and direct communication with them. * Idealized influence (sacrificing for the greater good): Team disrupters decreased the motivation of the team and the team had no leaders. Coach P. relied on third parties such as Center of Enhanced Performance (CEP) and asked the group â€Å"What is your solution? † other than trying to make the best decision himself and then take the right step.For the greater good of the team, he should have demoted the team disrupters. For the rest of the team she should have worked with each member individually to set their goals and increase their motivation. * Individualized consideration (providing support): The Varsity team’s most important problem is motivation and lacking a team spirit. To overcome this problem, Coach P. should have showed his support and provide open communication with the team. Instead, he tried to find the â€Å"right combination† by switching members of the teams and causing a tension am ong Varsity and JV boats.He should have realized from the very beginning that the problem is not about physical but it was psychological. By trying different combinations, he made the team’s psychology even worse. * Intellectual stimulation (encouraging employees to question the status quo): Coach P. should have let them negotiate and come to an agreement about the situation but it was very late for him to hold a group meeting just before National championships. Coach P. should have realized the trust and coordination problems of the team and should resolve the problems much earlier.As a good leader, he should have built the team depending on both physical and personality factors in the first place. He should have demoted team disrupters for better teamwork and motivation among the rest of the team members. To resolve the conflict between Varsity team, he should have provided a better communication among them. That way, they would have come to an agreement without any support from an external party like CEP. To create a team spirit, he should have done team building games and activities and make them socialize with each other. Both the team members and the coach don’t know and trust each other.Just like basketball coach, Coach K. ’s leadership style he should have been a loved leader who creates personal interaction and drives performance through respect. He should have built trust and respect among teammates and himself. After achieving these goals, it is very important to motivate the team to achieve a better performance. For Varsity team, following Locke’s Goal Setting Theory, creating SMART (goals that are specific in their orientation, measurable, achievable, relevant and time-based) and right level of goals would increase the motivation and effort.Returning to case, Coach P. should not switch Varsity and Junior Varsity boats even though Varsity will perform badly in the Championships. That way, he will show his support and tru st to Varsity team. If he chooses JV team to compete, he might lose the Varsity team forever. He shouldn’t switch team members other than the team disrupters. Varsity boat has a clear advantage over Junior Varsity team but they lacked a teamwork and synergy. As a coach he should make them feel like a team again and perform their best in the Championships.

How Do Minerals Affect Society Minerals - 1679 Words

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Should The Homicide Law Be Reformed - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2066 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Argumentative essay Level High school Did you like this example? Homicide law should be reformed as it is inappropriate for someone to be held liable for murder if they did not intend to kill. To what extent do you agree with this statement? Date authored: 23 rd August, 2014. Homicide is the collective term for both murder and manslaughter in England and Wales. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Should The Homicide Law Be Reformed" essay for you Create order Murder is a common law offence that has developed through the courts over time. The common definition of murder comes from Edward Coke who wrote, murder occurs when a person of sound body and mind unlawfully kills any human being under the Queens peace with malice aforethought. [1] This definition lays out both the actus reus and mens rea of the offence. The actus reus is uncontroversial: the killing of any human being during the Queens peace. This makes murder a result crime; liability flows from an action (or omission) of the defendant resulting in death. Controversy and academic debate surrounds the second part of the offence, namely the mens rea element. Malice aforethought has been interpreted by the courts as meaning with intent to kill or cause grievous bodily harm. It is this second interpretation of malice aforethought that brings the debate. It means a person can be convicted of the legal systems ultimate, heinous crime despite a lack of intention to kill. Lord Steyn expressed the problem eloquently in R v Powell; â€Å"in English law, a defendant may be convicted of murder who is in no ordinary sense a murderer.† [2] The proponents of change base their arguments around fair labelling, mandatory sentencing, interpretation of the current law and the contradictory results of as is. Debate only follows where there are two points of view, and despite the pitfalls of the current law on murder, there are proponents of the current system. The arguments for the current system revolve around the sanctity of life, difficulty of overcoming the evidential burden, a deterrent approach and a view of social responsibility. These differing viewpoints will be explored below in more detail. One of the major complaints about the current law is based on the idea of fair labelling. In our society it is seen as unjust to label someone inaccurately, especially when that label is one of murderer. Glanville Williams wrote, â€Å"the particulars state d in the conviction should convey the degree of the offenders moral guilt, or at least should not be positively misleading as to that guilt†¦ In any case, a man may feel a sense of injustice if the terms of the conviction do not represent his real guilt.† [3] To be labelled a murderer without holding the intention to kill would not be representative of the defendants ‘real guilt. Being convicted of murder not only results in a mandatory life sentence, but once, or if, the defendant leaves prison, the label remains. This will impact on that persons life potentially destroying his family, his career and right to a normal life after serving his sentence. Roger highlights the problem of fair labelling, â€Å"present labels of murder and manslaughter are each much too broad and lose their core meaning on account of their breadth. The law of murder at present equates the paedophile who kills his victim to ensure his silence with the man who intends to cause grievo us bodily harm because he is getting carried away in an argument, or perhaps in defending his property.†[4] Society draws a great distinction between the two individual scenarios mentioned by Roger however the label of murderer does not. When this label is present, society tends to overlook the details of the individual circumstances and takes the label on its own. Another major problem with the current law is the mandatory life sentence for murder. Many people would agree the most heinous crime deserves the most severe punishment however, as has been highlighted already, a convicted murderer has not necessarily carried out this heinous act as perceived by society. Currently, judges have no discretion with a murder conviction. Since the Murder (Abolition of Death Penalty) Act 1965 a conviction of murder carries with it the sentence of life imprisonment[5]. The precise length of the sentence varies under the guidelines derived from Coroners and Justice Act 2009 [6] ho wever this still sets the minimum sentence at 15 years for a defendant over the age of 18. This is to be contrasted with manslaughter for which the judge has absolute discretion on sentencing up to a maximum of life imprisonment. This allows for a judge to mitigate the severity of the crime through the sentence, a mechanism unavailable in murder[7]. Due to a court interpreted definition of murder, a defendant faces a mandatory life sentence instead of a much lower sentence based on the crime he truly had the mens rea for. It is this draconian approach to sentencing that makes someone held to be liable for murder when they did not intend to kill inappropriate. There are practical issues alongside legalistic ones, such as is the definition of grievous bodily harm, or serious bodily harm. If the liability for murder depends on the intention to cause this level of harm, there should be very clear and concise guidelines as to what this level of harm is. William Wilson writes ab out the obscurity of grievous bodily harm, â€Å"it is defined to mean nothing more precise than â€Å"serious† as opposed to â€Å"actual† bodily harm.†[8] This definition and guidance is not robust enough to fairly legitimise a murder charge. Further, to the abstruseness of the level of harm required, allowing grievous bodily harm to lead to a murder charge at all can result in the prosecution and conviction of a person for not only something he did not intend, but actually for something he precisely intended to avoid. There are several famous examples of this undesirable outcome such as that of kneecapping, a practice whereby the knees are targeted to punish the victim but with the precise intention of keeping them alive. Lord Goff entertained this scenario along with another of glassing. Despite the resulting death and clear intention to cause serious bodily harm with a broken glass, the jury â€Å"could not bring themselves to call him a murdererâ⠂¬  and Lord Goff sympathised with them. [9] It is the combination of the above arguments that lead people to cry out for reform of the law of homicide as it is currently inappropriate in regards to a murder charge without the intention to kill. However, there are also proponents of the current law. There is a strong argument for the law to enforce responsibility for ones actions. If one attacks another with the intention to cause them serious bodily harm, and that attack results in the death of victim, then the attacker is morally culpable for the victims death. This is a view endorsed by William Wilson and others, â€Å"I take the uncomplicated view, as the Criminal Law Commissioner has elsewhere argued, that those who intentionally attack others are morally responsible for and so fully legally accountable for the consequences of so doing whether or not such consequences were foreseen.†[10] This view depends on ones idea of the purpose of the criminal law howev er, for the law to hold society responsible for the outcome of their actions is more than acceptable for the majority. The current law also fits with the harm principle whereby, â€Å"the State is justified in criminalizing any conduct that causes harm to others†[11]. This view is compatible with sanctity of life arguments. For many in society, sanctity of life is sovereign, as shown by its inclusion in the European Convention of Human Rights[12]. This granting of the Right to Life necessitates any taking of life to be regulated tightly. This has led to problem areas in the law such as euthanasia and abortion, the laws for which are based on the law of murder. In light of high profiles decisions of the court system in these areas such as Nicklinson v Ministry of Justice [13] the time for change in the homicide area is not now. Parliament refuses to reform the law and neither do the courts. These decisions have been made in light of high volumes of political and legal argument yet the current system has won through. Changing the definition of murder could not only have a negative impact on the law of homicide, but also these other, highly emotive and controversial areas of law. The current law is not only compatible with these controversial areas but has also been affirmed at the highest level. The so called ‘GBH rule was the subject of a House of Lords decision in R v Cunningham [14] in which the rule was affirmed by the House including the then Lord Chancellor. Further, â€Å"the adjective ‘serious has not caused problems in the past, where juries have been instructed in murder cases† [15], and as such does not need to be reformed. This affirmed law is aligned with arguments for the law to act as a deterrent of social harms. The intentional causing of serious bodily harm is without doubt something society wants deterred, and having a severe punishment for this harm, not only in the law of homicide but also through the Offences Against the Person Act 1861[16], is a method of deterrence. Without the inclusion of this element in the law of homicide, not only would the deterrent for serious bodily harm be weaker, but many ‘true murderers would escape conviction for murder, thus creating a fair labelling problem, contradicting one of the arguments put forward by proponents of change. This is because it is very difficult to prove true inten t to kill. There would be many scenarios where the defendant did intend to kill the victim however this couldnt be proved due to the evidential burden. However, by using the intention to cause grievous bodily harm, a number of these defendants could be found guilty of murder. On balance there are strong arguments for homicide law to be left as is to deter violent crimes and make society responsible for their actions. However the law cannot be left simply because other areas of law are based upon them. There are many problems with the law as it is currently, particularly surrounding fair labelling, mandatory sentencing and difficulty of interpretation and implementation. These problems go right to the core of our legal system and cannot continue to go unchanged. The Law Commission has been ignored repeatedly by parliament but their worries remain and proposals could improve the current system. Homicide law should be reformed as it is inappropriate for someone to be held liab le for murder if they did not intend to kill and equality for all under the law must always be the ultimate practice. Bibliography Ashworth A and Horder J, The Principles of Criminal Law (7th edn, OUP 2013) 28 Coke E, ‘Institutes 3 Co Inst 47 Ashworth A, ‘Principles, Pragmatism and the Law Commissions Recommendations on homicide law reform [2007] Crim L R 333 Goff R, ‘The mental element in the crime of murder (1988) 104 LQR 30 Wilson W, ‘The structure of criminal homicide [2006] Crim LR 471 Williams G, ‘Convictions and Fair Labelling [1983] CLJ 85 Roger J, ‘The Law Commissions proposed restructuring of homicide (2006) 70(3) J Crim L 223 Crown Prosecution Service, ‘Sentencing Manual (CPS, Jan 2012) https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/s_to_u/sentencing_manual/murder/ accessed 21 August 2014 R v Powell [1999] 1 AC 1 Nicklinson v Ministry of Justice [2014] UKSC 38 R v Cunningham [1982] AC 566 Offences A gainst the Persons Act 1861 Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (European Convention on Human Rights, as amended) (ECHR) art 2 Criminal Justice Act 2003 Coroners and Justice Act 2009 Murder (Abolition of Death Penalty) Act 1965 [1] 3 Co Inst 47. [2] [1999] 1 AC 1, 14. [3] Glanville Williams, ‘Convictions and Fair Labelling [1983] CLJ 85, 85. [4] Jonathan Roger, ‘The Law Commissions proposed restructuring of homicide (2006) 70(3) J Crim L 223, 226. [5] Murder (Abolition of Death Penalty) Act 1965, s1. [6] Coroners and Justice Act 2009, s120. [7] Criminal Justice Act 2003, sch, paras 4-7. For further guidance see, Crown Prosecution Service, ‘Sentencing Manual (CPS, Jan 2012) https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/s_to_u/sentencing_manual/murder/ accessed 21 August 2014. [8] William Wilson, ‘The structure of criminal homicide [2006] Crim LR 471, 475. [9] Robert Goff, ‘The mental element in the crime of murder (1988) 104 LQR 30, 48. [10] Wilson (n 8) 475. [11] Andrew Ashworth and Jeremy Horder, The Principles of Criminal Law (7th edn, OUP 2013) 28. [12] Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (European Convention on Human Rights, as amended) (ECHR) art 2. [13] [2014] UKSC 38. [14] [1982] AC 566. [15] Andrew Ashworth, ‘Principles, Pragmatism and the Law Commissions Recommendations on homicide law reform [2007] Crim L R 333, 335. [16] Offences Against the Persons Act 1861, s18.